Curriculum Vitae
I was born in 6 October 1956 and started my biology study at the University of Amsterdam in 1977. For my masters ("doctoraal", received in 1983) I did a major in general microbiology (Prof. dr L.R. Mur), studying the effect of light quality on the growth cyanobacteria. My two minors were in Aquatic Ecology (resuspension of epipelon in shallow lakes) and Entomology (beetles living on Dandilions).
In 1983 I started my PhD in the lab of Luuc Mur (University of Amsterdam), working on the mechanism of buyancy regulation in cyanobacteria, and defended my thesis in October 1987. I mainly worked with continuous cultures of Microcystis and Aphanizomenon. As it turned out the changes in buoyancy were caused by changing the intracellular content of "ballast molecules", especially polysaccharides. Thus, buoyancy regulation was tightly coupled to photosynthesis. The gas vesicle content was providing a "back ground buoyancy", and was mainly related to growth rate and nutrient availability. These mechanisms explained why surface scums were often forming during the late night (respiration of polysaccharides) or early morning, and disappeared during the day (build up of polysaccharides caused by photosynthesis). I was fortunate to work together with Dr. Allan E Konopka from Purdue University (U.S) who visited the department of Microbiology for a year during a sabatical leave. As a result of this work I became involved as an advisor in a local waterquality project (Vinkeveense plassen) and was invited among with other scientist to investigate the reason and consequencse behind the eutrophication in New Zealand lakes.
I continued this work, focussing on the kinetics of buoyancy regulation, as a post-doc in the lab of Prof. dr. A.E. Walsby of the University of Bristol, UK (1987-1989). From the experiments I was able to build a simple computer model which explained the behaviour of filamentous cyanobacteria quite well. I also started working on the expression of the gas vesicle protein (gvpA) by looking at mRNA synthesis.
In July 1989 I joined the NIOO-KNAW/CEME, then called the Delta Institute. Here I started working on primary production of phytoplankton in the Oosterschelde and Westerschelde estuaries and expanded my studies to investigating how unicellular algae, both benthic and pelagic, photoacclimate to different environmental conditions using a variety of techiques. I also work on optical properties of water and intertidal sediments in order to develop bio-optical models and techniques for estimating algal biomass and production and use remote sensing to obtain these variables on the scale of an entire mudflat or estuary. Because of the relevance of the production monitoring for local management I have a good cooperation with local water management agencies, and we work together in a number of projects. Recently I started working on the application of mass cultivation systems for algae in cooperation with the company AlgaeLink.
Expertise
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Phytoplankton is exposed to rapid fluctuations in irradiance. Cells at the bottom of the mixed layer can experience darkness or limiting irradiances whereas cells mixed to the surface can be exposed to too high, potentially photoinhibitory irradiances. Benthic microalgae living on intertidal mudflats also experience large fluctuations but are in addition exposed to rapidly changing physic-chemical gradients within the sediment, which can also heat up rapidly. In order to study how the algae acclimate to these conditions we study the quantum efficiencies of PSII, PSI, O2-evolution and C-fixation and investigate changes in optical and functional cross section and relate this to the xanthophyll cycle and photodamage. We also investigate the effect of nutrients on these processes and have started on investigating the role of high light inducible proteins (HLIP).
an example
Together Nicole Dijkman, Jan Peene (both NIOO-CEME) and Herman Gons, Stefan Simis and Hans Hoogveld (from NIOO-CL) we performed a study on the largest freshwater lake in the Netherlands, The IJsselmeer. The lake is rather shallow and is composed of a mixed community of cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms.
On stations 2-8 we performed photosynthetic measurements with the Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometer (FastTracka), de waterPAM and by 14C-uptake experiments in photosynthetron. The FRRF was deployed in the water. Possible problems might be expected with the FRRF because the blue LEDs of the FRRF are hardly absorbed by PSII of the cyanobacteria. However, in contrast to the results obtained by Raateoja et al (2004, Limnol. Oceanogr. 49: 1006-1012) for the Baltic Sea our FRRF could measure a fluorescence induction curve of Microcystis aeruginosa, the dominant cyanobacterium in the lake. Nevertheless, the sensitivity for phycocyanine containing cyanobacteria is low compared to most eukaryotic algae. Rates of C-fixation from the FRRF and the PAM were estimated as the product of the irradiance, effective PSII quantum efficiency, absorption cross section (filterpad method), electron efficiency (it was assumed that 5 absorbed photons were needed to produce 1 electron in PSII). A photosynthetic quotient (PQ) of 1.1 was used in the calculations. Using these assumptions the measured rates of C-fixation were overestimated about two-fold, suggesting that our assumptions were too optimal. Despite this we observed linear relationships between photosynthetic electron transport measured with FRRF or PAM and C-fixation experiments. The slopes of the lines did not vary significantly between the stations within the lake or between the different seasons (spring, mid and late summer) but were differed for both fluorometers. I therefore calculated primary productivity using these slope values. The graph below shows the result for a comparision of daily primary production obtained with FRRF and 14C-fixation in 2004. These results suggest that the FRRF can succesfully be used as a tool to obtain primary productivity. As during these expeditions chlorophyll concentrations, cyanobacterial concentrations, suspended matter and light attenuation were also measured using optical techniques ( hyperspectral reflectance) and were made during the overpass of the ENVISAT-MERIS satellite sensor this allows us to develop a bio-optical method for calculation of total primary production in the lake.
 the FRRF
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The Dutch Delta area contains a number of waterbodies which are ideal sites to study ecosystem change. One of them, the Oosterschelde (Eastern Scheldt) was closed off from the rivers Meuse and Rhine in 1987, 1988, and a storm-surge barrier was constructed at the North Sea end in which was finalized in 1987. As a result the ecosystem underwent large changes, which are still going on. The Westerschelde is still a true estuary, with nutrient rich, very turbid waters. Continuous dredging activities are necessary to keep the shipping channels at the required depth. Jan Peene and I try to regularly measure primary production (14C-technique) to follow changes in annual production, and use this to test techniques (PAM, FRRF, optical measurement) employed in the lab.
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Interest in culturing algae at industrial scale is growing because of the promising role of algae in the production of biofuels. Together with the company AlgaeLink we are trying to optimize algal growth and production in large scale tubular photobioreactors (PBR). Although most research is focused on optimizing the productivity of the PBRs, we will soon start working on optimizing the conditions leading to production of products of special interests like lipids (biofuels) and fatty acids (food supplements), carbohydrates and carotenoids, while in the meantime studying the biochemistry/physiology behind it.
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 Stromatotiles at Highborne Cay. Notice the presence of the epiphytic macroalgae Bathophora on the stromatolites at the front.
Stromatolites were the first macrostructures to be found in the fossil record and date back to 3.5 billions year ago, long before the Cambrian explosion of different lifeforms, which took place about 490-540 million years ago. These laminated structures were then widespread in the shallow seas and were most likely formed by a microbial community. Modern stromatolites growing in open marine environments with normal seawater salinity can only be found in the margins of the Exuma Sound in the Bahamas. It is thought that these well laminated microbial structures present are modern analog of the ancient stromatolites.
We investigated the photosynthetic performance of the stromatolites using PAM fluorescence. The research was carried out in the framework of the Research Initiative on Bahamian Stromatolites (RIBS) project. From preliminary results we get the impression that they are not easily damaged by UV. Nutrient addition experiments suggest that the phototrophic community is limited by phosphate. Because the stromatolites live in a very dynamic environment they are regularly buried under shoaling sands, but the currents can also expose them again. When the stromatolites are buried anoxic conditions might develop and during these conditions photosynthetic activity is inactivated. When inactivated stromatolites are "unburied" photosynthetic recovery can be quick, but it requires light, as can be seen in the next figure.
 Reactivation of PSII activity after unburial of a sample which was buried for 4 days under the sand in anoxic conditions. No reactivation took place during the first 60 min in very low light (3 µmol photons m-2 s-1). After 60 sec the light was switched on (77 µmol photons m-2 s-1) and a rapid reactivation of PSII activity could be observed.
Stromatolites seem to cope well with (at least short) periods of burial and seem thus well adapted to the sometimes high energy environment which can transport large amounts of sand. We also tried to measure photosynthetic activity in situ. But because the stromatolites at Highborne Cay can be found in the shallow subtidal the surf makes measurements a lot of fun but very difficult to perform accurately. Very calm conditions are required.
 measurements on a stromatolite like microbial mat with the Walz diving-PAM. |
Projects
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IN PLACE: Integrated Network for Production and Loss Assessment in the Coastal Environment (2008-2013)
This project, funded by the National Programme Sea and Coastal Research (ZKO) of the Earth and Life Science division (ALW) of NWO aims at developing a coastal monitoring observatory in the western Dutch Wadden Sea. Two continuous monitoring stations will be developed: one on the jetty of the NIOZ and one on a "pole" on the intertidal sandflat the Balgzand. In addition to measuring water quality parameters (T, pH, turbidity, chla (fluorometric, both total and cyanobacteria), incident irradiance, above water hyperspectral reflectance and water currents, both stations will measure photosynthesis and primary production of phytoplankton (using FRRF on the jetty) and microphytobenthos (using a divingPAM on the pole). In addition some sensors will be placed on the ferry from Den Helder to the island of Texel. Regular cruises will be carried out for calibration purpose and for investigating spatial variability. Remote sensing will be used to upscale biomass and primary production of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos and to investigate spatial patterns in algal biomass and sediment properties. As the program has started only recently know further information is available yet but this will be added when it comes available.
The PI are Katja Philippart of the NIOZ who coordinates it together with Eric Epping (NIOZ), Hans van der Woerd of the IVM and myself.
The picture shows an example of a German monitoring station positioned on a sandflat.
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Consequences of phosphorus reduction for the dynamic transfer of organic matter between primary producers and primary consumers (2009-2012)
Primary production by both phytoplankton and microphytobenthos are key processes determining the carrying capacity of the Wadden Sea ecosystem. The main aim of this ALW funded project is to investigate how bottom up processes regulate primary production of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos of the different functional groups, and how as a result of the different demands of the functional groups for the different resources this shapes the structure of the different functional groups of primary producers.
The overall hypothesis to be investigated is that due to a decrease in P-loading the supply/demand structure between the pelagic and benthic primary producers and primary consumers is changing and that this is affecting the structure of the foodweb and decreasing the potential carrying capacity, defined by the primary production of the different functional groups.
The project will employ 3 PhD-students and there is strong tie to the IN PLACE project and is coordinated by me. The first PhD-student will investigate group specific primary production (using 13C-labeled PLFA) and is supervised by me. The second PhD-student will study the role of the sediments as P-source for phytoplankton and microphytobenthos and will develop a dynamic biogeochemical model (supervision by Eric Epping (NIOZ) and Karline Soetaert (NIOZ)) and the third PhD student will causes and consequences of selective feeding by juvenile bivalve larve (supervision Katja Philippart, NIOZ).
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Hierarchical Monitoring Methods for Tidal Flats
The HIMOM project, co-funded by the European Commission, aims at developing a hierarchical Monitoring System (HMM) for intertidal flats. The HMM is a toolbox which contains a suite of methods varying both in complexity and costs. This system addresses end user such as coastal zone managers, and should provide them a flexible set of methods that fits into their particular demands and capabilities. It will be developed along a number of European-wide test sites with the specific aim to detect changes and assess the human influence on these ecosystems.
The task of the Rod Forster and myself is to apply the HMM tools in monitoring studies carried out by RIKZ in the framework of the MOVE monitoring projects, which follows the effects of the dredging activities in the Westerschelde estuary. Our measurements are compared to those obtained by the RIKZ. We measure microphytobenthos (MPB) biomass using optical techniques (hyperspectral reflectance and minimal fluorescence, Fo) as well as sampling (contact cores, top 2mm of sediment), which is also used to obtain sediment parameters (grain size distribution, water and organic C content). Primary production of MPB is measured using 14C-incorporation and variabel fluorescence techniques (ETR using PAM fluorometers). These "ground-truth" data are used in combination with airborne remote sensing (CASI scanner) to obtain information on the whole estuary. One of the products of the HIMOM program will be the construction of "ecotope" maps.
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This project investigates the C- and N-cycling in the Westerschelde estuary. It is carried out in cooperation with the group of Dr Frank Dehairs of the Free University of Brussels, Belgium and the group of Dr Jack Middelburg of the NIOO-KNAW/CEME. The research is carried out in the framework of the Flemish-Dutch cooperation and is funded by the Dutch NWO and the Flemish FWO. The task of Dr Nicole Dijkman and myself focusses on the C-cycle and we try to measure group specific primary production by deliberate tracer experiments involving labeling of the phospholipids (PLFAs) which are used as biomarkers. In addition to this variable fluorescence measurements of single cells are carried out using a microscopePAM. One of the surprises we observed is that despite their low contribution green algae seem to have high growth rates in the marine part of the Westerschelde. This suggest that they are specifically grazed.
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BIOPTIS was the predecessor of the HIMOM project (see above) and was launched in 1998. It investigated if remote sensing could be used to investigate intertidal mudflats with respect to microphytobenthos biomass and production, grazing, sediment characteristics and see if one can assess environmental change using this remote sensing approach.
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In this project, Pascal Claquin, Veronique Martin-Jezequel and I studied the regulation of the Si:C and Si:N content of diatoms. We used Thalassiosira pseudonana as a model organism. We observed that the regulation of Si-content is uncoupled from C and N-metabolism. Si is taken up mainly during the G2+M phase of the cell cycle. Using flow cytometry and continuous cultures of N, P and light limited cultures we observed that especially the length of the G2+M-phase increased as the growth rate became lower (i.e. as the intensity of the limitation increased). As a result the Si-content of the slow growing cells increased, and as it turned out the Si-content per unit cell surface was independent of the nature of the growth limitation and only dependent on the growth rate.
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Co-Operation
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The RIBS project, funded by the NSF investigates the "biocomplexity" of Bahamian Stromatolites and is coordinated by dr Pamela Reid from the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (RSMAS), University of Miami. My role in this project here is the photosynthetic performance of the different groups of oxygenic phototrophic micro-organisms (cyanobacteria and epiphytic diatoms mainly).
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San Francisco Bay has a lot of similarities with the Oosterschelde and Westerschelde, although the regulation of the springbloom in San Francisco Bay is initiated by vertical stratification of the watercolumn due to freshwater input from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. A long term monitoring program is coordinated by dr. Jim Cloern. I have been visiting San Francisco Bay on a number of occasions to look at phytoplankton photosynthesis and C-fixation using PAM fluorometry (bulk and single cells) and stable isotope labeling of biomarkers (fatty acids
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Selected Publications
Phytoplankton biomass is often measured as chlorophyll-a concentration. However, the different species play a different role in the ecology of an aquatic ecosystem. To obtain more information about the role of the different species or different groups we measured the photosynthetic potential by measuring Fv/Fm of single algal cells along the salinity gradient in the turbid, eutrophic estuary. The interesting conclusion was species which were adversely affected by non-favourable conditions which would lead to a decrease in Fv/Fm were hardly observed, suggesting these species were rapidly removed from the system. See Photosynthetic characteristics of the phytoplankton in the Scheldt estuary: community and single-cell fluorescence measurements. Additionally we started working on using biomarkers to distinguish functional groups using PLFA. See Phospholipid-derived fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers for phytoplankton: application for inferring phytoplankton composition. PLFA had a slightly higher taxonomic resolution than using HPLC derived phytoplankton. The advantage of PLFA technique is that it can also be used to measure C-fixation by GC-IRMS. A manuscript is submitted showing that the proportion of a functional groups to the total phytoplankton biomass is not necessarily related to the overal production, showing that the production/loss ratios vary between the different groups.
Are you interested how to calculate photosynthetic electron transport rates from a PAM or an FRRF and interested in the differences between the single turnover method or multiple turnovermethod? Then read: The use of variable fluorescence measurements in aquatic ecosystems: differences between multiple and single turnover measuring protocols and suggested terminology
To see a comparison between the performance of an FRRF and a PAM to estimate primary production in a shallow eutrophic lake see: Estimating phytoplankton primary production in Lake IJsselmeer (The Netherlands) using variable fluorescence (PAM-FRRF) and C-uptake techniques THis paper also gives a suggestion how to obtain the "true"number of absorbed photons necessary to convert rates of PSII electron transport into rates of C-fixation. This method requires knowledge of the optical absorption cross section of the phytoplankton.
What are the pitfalls when measuring rapid light curves with a PAM on intertidal sediments? Is there a contribution of fluorescence from "deeper layers" (yes!), and does this influence the maximum PSII quantum efficiency Fv/Fm (no!) or the effective quantum efficiency ΔF/Fm' (yes, but only at irradiances saturating photosynthesis!). Does the vertical distribution of microphytobenthos in the sediment influences the ΔF/Fm' -values? For more information see: Modelling the effects of chlororphyll fluorescence from subsurface layers on photosynthetic efficiency measurement in microphytobenthic algae. In a more recent paper we show that we can however use the PAM technique to accurately estimate the quantum efficiency of C-fixation in a well growing diatom biofilm. The relationship weakens when the biofilm reaches a maximum, comparable to the stationary phase of a batch culture. See Coupling between Photosystem II electron transport and carbon fixation in microphytobenthos
Interested in an more exciting, subtropical habitat: visit our work on stromatolites and discover how they survive burial under the sand. First read Resistance to burial of cyanobacteria in stromatolites followed by Importance of light and oxygen for photochemical reactivation in photosynthetic stromatolite communities after natural sand burial
For a review of microphytobenthos and phytoplankton productivity and factors influencing this see: Primary production by phytoplankton and microphytobenthos in estuaries
A publication of interest to coastal zone managers: does the dredging activity in the Westerschelde estuary changes the primary productivity of the phytoplankton? the evidence suggest not: see Changes in phytoplankton biomass and primary production between 1991 and 2001 in The Westerschelde Estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands)
How is the Si-content of diatoms regulated? Is it strictly coupled to N and C-metabolism (no!). It turns out that the growth rate of diatoms determine the Si-content because Si-uptake takes mainly place in the G2+M-phase of the cell cycle, and this growth phase is longer when the cells grow slower. Thus slow growing cells have a higher Si-content (Si-limited cells excepted!). Read: Uncoupling of silicon compared with carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and the role of the cell cycle in continuous cultures of Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae) under light, nitrogen, and phosphorus control
Kromkamp, Jacco C., Dijkman, Nicole A., Peene, Jan, Simis, Stefan G. H., Gons, Herman J. 2008
Estimating phytoplankton primary production in Lake IJsselmeer (The Netherlands) using variable fluorescence (PAM-FRRF) and C-uptake techniques
Eur J Phycol (journal), ISSN/ISBN:0967-0262 %[ December 04, 2008 Vol. 43, Issue 4, p327 - 344
Full article: http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/09670260802080895
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Morris, E. P., Forster, R. M., Peene, J., Kromkamp, J. C. 2008
Coupling between Photosystem II electron transport and carbon fixation in microphytobenthos
Aquatic Microbial Ecology (journal) Vol. 50, Issue 3, p301-311
Full article: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ame/v50/n3/p301-311/
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J. C., Perkins, R., Dijkman, N., Consalvey, M., Andres, M., Reid, R. P. 2007
Resistance to burial of cyanobacteria in stromatolites
Aquat. Microb. Ecol. (journal), ISSN/ISBN:0948-3055 Vol. 48, Issue 2, p123-130
Stromatolites are complex lithified structures with a well-defined layered structure thought to have been formed by trapping and binding of sediment particles by micro-organisms, especially cyanobacteria. Modern marine stromatolites in the Bahamas live in a high-energy environment (surf zone) and are regularly buried by moving sands. We investigated stromatolite cyanobacterial photophysiology ex situ, during and after sand burial using variable fluorescence studies. Buried samples inactivated their photosynthetic electron transport, but only when oxygen concentrations decreased to low levels. Post-burial, the stromatolite cyanobacterial community reactivated its photosynthetic activity within 1 to 2 h, but this activation was light dependent. It is therefore speculated that the redox state of the plastoquinone pool determines the inactivation/reactivation processes. The ability of cyanobacteria to survive and recover from burial by sediment could be a fundamental attribute that has contributed to the success of cyanobacteria as stromatolite builders and for the actual existence of stromatolites as organo-sedimentary structures with a putative presence spanning 3500 million yr.
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Perkins, R. G., Kromkamp, J. C., Reid, R. P. 2007
Importance of light and oxygen for photochemical reactivation in photosynthetic stromatolite communities after natural sand burial
Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. (journal), ISSN/ISBN:0171-8630 Vol. 349, p23-32
Modern stromatolites at Highborne Cay, Exuma, Bahamas are formed in a high energy environment, where turbulent mixing of the water column supplies the sand particles that are trapped and bound by microbial phototrophs. The photosynthetic communities consist of cyanobacteria within the surface fabric of the stromatolite, and surface eukaryotic microalgae (e.g. diatoms and chlorophytes). Due to the turbulent environment, stromatolites are often buried for periods of weeks or months as a result of sand wave movements. We investigated the tolerance of subsets of the photosynthetic communities in stromatolites to natural burial processes. Variable chlorophyll fluorescence was used to monitor PSII quantum efficiency and fluorescence kinetics during and after artificial and natural in situ burial. Excavated samples with an intact cyanobacterial community, but lacking surface microalgae, reactivated their quantum efficiency when exposed to both low light and oxygen. Reactivation, indicated by an increase in photochemical efficiency (Delta F/F-m), occurred after 3 to 9 d and 14 to 16 d of natural burial, although reactivation was slower with longer burial. Changes in fluorescence yields indicated that probable state transitions occurred, and we suggest that some form of oxygen dependent process(es) and light were in part responsible for the re-establishment of photochemistry. These processes effectively 'kick start' electron transport, and hence protect against photodamage induced by exposure to light after burial. In contrast to the prokaryotic cyanobacterial mats, mats with surface communities dominated by diatoms did not have high tolerance to burial. Two out of 3 samples of diatom mats failed to reactivate after 7 d of burial. The greater ability of cyanobacteria to survive week to month long periods of burial may be an important factor in accounting for the importance of these prokaryotes in stromatolite construction.
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Dijkman, N.A., Kromkamp, J. C. 2006
Phospholipid-derived fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers for phytoplankton: application for inferring phytoplankton composition
Marine Ecology-Progress Series (journal) Vol. 324, p113-125
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Dijkman, Nicole A., Kromkamp, Jacco C. 2006
Photosynthetic characteristics of the phytoplankton in the Scheldt estuary: community and single-cell fluorescence measurements
European Journal of Phycology (journal) Vol. 41, Issue 4, p425-434
Full article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670260600937791
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Forster, R.M., Kromkamp, J. C. (ed.: Kromkamp, J. C., de brouwer, J.F.C., Blanchard, G.F., Forster, R.M., Creach, V.) 2006
Estimating benthic primary production: scaling up from point measurements to the whole estuary
Functioning of Microphytobenthos in estuaries (book) p109-120
Publisher: Edita
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J. C., Forster, R.M. (ed.: Kromkamp, J. C., de brouwer, J.F.C., Blanchard, G.F., Forster, R.M., Creach, V.) 2006
development in microphytobenthos primary productivity studies
Functioning of microphytobenthos in estuaries (book), Functioning of microphytobenthos in estuaries (series) p9-30
Publisher: Edita
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., Morris, E. P., Forster, R.M., Honeywill, C., Hagerthey, S., Paterson, D.M. 2006
Relationship of intertidal surface sediment chlorophyll concentration to hyperspectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence
Estuaries and Coasts (journal) Vol. 29, Issue 2, p183-196
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Sabbe, K., Muylaert, K, Kromkamp, J., Vyverman, W. (ed.: Coosen, J., Mees, J., Seys, J.;, Fockedey, N.) 2006
Primaire productie op het kruispunt van estuarium en kustzone
De Vlakte van de Raan van onder het stof (book) Vol. 35, p73-84
Publisher: Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ)
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Boschker, H. T. S., Kromkamp, J. C., Middelburg, J. J. 2005
Biomarker and carbon isotopic constraints on bacterial and algal community structure and functioning in a turbid, tidal estuary
Limnology And Oceanography (journal) Vol. 50, Issue 1, p70-80
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J. C., Dijkman, N.A., Peene, J. (ed.: van der Est, A., Bruce, D., Bruce, D.) (series auth.: van der Est, A.) 2005
Estimating phytoplankton primary productivity by means of PAM, FRRF, oxygen exchange and C-fixation
Proceedings13th International Congress of Photosynthesis. Fundamental aspects to global perspectives (book) p991-992
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J. C., Peene, J. 2005
Changes in phytoplankton biomass and primary production between 1991 and 2001 in The Westerschelde Estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands)
Hydrobiologia (journal) Vol. 540, p117-126
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J. C., Claquin, P. (ed.: Subba Rao, D.V.) 2005
Role of the Cell Cycle in the Metabolism of Marine Microalgae
Algal Cultures, Analogues of Blooms and Applications (book) p385-406
Publisher: Science Publishers
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., Peene, J. 2005
Changes in phytoplankton biomass and primary production between 1991 and 2001 in The Westerschelde Estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands)
Hydrobiologia (journal) Vol. 540, p117-126
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., Dijkman, N.A., Peene, J. (ed.: van der Est, A., Bruce, D., Bruce, D.) (series auth.: van der Est, A.) 2005
Estimating phytoplankton primary productivity by means of PAM, FRRF, oxygen exchange and C-fixation
Proceedings13th International Congress of Photosynthesis. Fundamental aspects to global perspectives (book) p991-992
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Dijkman, N.A., Kromkamp, J.C. (ed.: Bruce, D.) (series auth.: van der Est, A.) 2005
Group-specific primary production in the Scheldt estuary
Photosynthesis. Fundamental aspects to global perspectives (book), Proceedings13th International Congress of Photosynthesis (series) p991-992
Publisher: Alliance Communication Group
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Claquin, P., Kromkamp, J.C., Martin-Jezequel, V. 2004
Relationship between photosynthetic metabolism and cell cycle in a synchronized culture of the marine alga Cylindrotheca fusiformis (Bacillariophyceae)
Eur. J. Phycol. (journal) Vol. 39, Issue 1, p33-41
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Forster, R.M., Kromkamp, J.C. 2004
Modelling the effects of chlororphyll fluorescence from subsurface layers on photosynthetic efficiency measurement in microphytobenthic algae.
Marine Ecology-Progress Series (journal) Vol. 284, p9-22
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Smith, G.M., Thomson, A.G., Moller, I., Kromkamp, J.C. 2004
Using hyperspectral imaging for the assessment of mudflat surface stability
J. Coast. Res. (journal) Vol. 20, Issue 4, p1165-1175
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., Forster, R.M. 2003
The use of variable fluorescence measurements in aquatic ecosystems: differences between multiple and single turnover measuring protocols and suggested terminology
European Journal of Phycology (journal) Vol. 38, Issue 2, p103-112
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Malta, E., Rijstenbil, J.W., Brouwer, P.E.M., Kromkamp, J.C. 2003
Vertical heterogeneity in physiological characteristics of Ulva spp. mats
Mar. Biol. (journal) Vol. 143, Issue 5, p1029-1038
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Wetsteyn, L.P.J., Duin, R.N.M., Kromkamp, J.C., Latuhihin, M.J., Peene, J., Power, A., Prins, T.C. 2003
Verkenning draagkracht Oosterschelde
Vol. Rapport RIKZ/2003.049, p105
draagkracht
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Hagerthey, S.E., Paterson, D.M., Kromkamp, J. 2003
Monitoring estuarine systems: the Eden Estuary and the BIOPTIS programme.
Estuaries and Coastal Sciences Association 2003. Coastal Zone Topics, 5. The estuaries and coasts of north-east Scotland. (book) p
Publisher: Estuarine and coastal Sciences Association
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Morris, E.P., Kromkamp, J.C. 2003
Influence of temperature on the relationship between oxygen- and fluorescence-based estimates of photosynthetic parameters in a marine benthic diatom (Cylindrotheca closterium)
Eur. J. Phycol. (journal) Vol. 38, Issue 2, p133-142
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Smith, G.M., Thomson, A.G., Möller, I., Kromkamp, J.C. 2003
Using hyperspectral imaging for the assessment of mudflat surface stability.
Journal of Coastal Research (journal) p
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Claquin, P., Martin-Jezequel, V., Kromkamp, J.C., Veldhuis, M.J.W., Kraay, G.W. 2002
Uncoupling of silicon compared with carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and the role of the cell cycle in continuous cultures of Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae) under light, nitrogen, and phosphorus control
J. Phycol. (journal) Vol. 38, Issue 5, p922-930
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Smith, G., Thomson, A., Möller, I., Kromkamp, J. 2002
Potential of hyperspectral imaging to assess the stability of mudflat surfaces by mapping sediment characteristics
SPIE, 9th International Symposium on Remote Sensing, SPIE, Crete, September 22-27. CDROM (series) p
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., Domin, A., Dubinsky, Z., Lehmann, C., Schanz, F. 2001
Changes in photosynthetic properties measured by oxygen evolution and variable chlorophyll fluorescence in a simulated entrainment experiment with the cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens
Aquatic Sciences (journal) Vol. 63, Issue 3, p363-382
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., Peene, J. 2001
Oxygen consumption in the light by unicellular algae
12th International congress on Photosynthesis (book) p
Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Sabbe, K., Kromkamp, J. 2001
De verborgen plantentuin op de slikken en platen van het Schelde-estuarium
De Levende Natuur (journal) Vol. 102, p78-79
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Walsby, A.E., Dubinsky, Z., Kromkamp, J.C., Lehmann, C., Schanz, F. 2001
The effects of diel changes in photosynthetic coefficients and depth of Planktothrix rubescens on the daily integral of photosynthesis in Lake Zurich
Aquatic Sciences (journal) Vol. 63, Issue 3, p326-349
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Barranguet, C., Kromkamp, J. 2000
Estimating primary production rates from photosynthetic electron transport in estuarine microphytobenthos
Marine Ecology-Progress Series (journal) Vol. 204, p39-52
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Brouwer, P.E.M., Bischof, K., Hanelt, D., Kromkamp, J. 2000
Photosynthesis of two Arctic macroalgae under different ambient radiation levels and their sensitivity to enhanced UV radiation
Polar Biology (journal) Vol. 23, Issue 4, p257-264
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Goosen, N.K., Kromkamp, J., Peene, J., van Rijswik, P., van Breugel, P. 1999
Bacterial and phytoplankton production in the maximum turbidity zone of three European estuaries: the Elbe, Westerschelde and Gironde
Journal of Marine Systems (journal) Vol. 22, Issue 2-3, p151-171
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Underwood, G.J.C., Kromkamp, J. 1999
Primary production by phytoplankton and microphytobenthos in estuaries
Advances in Ecological Research, Vol 29 (journal) Vol. 29, p93-153
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Barranguet, C., Kromkamp, J., Peene, J. 1998
Factors controlling primary production and photosynthetic characteristics of intertidal microphytobenthos
Marine Ecology-Progress Series (journal) Vol. 173, p117-126
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Flameling, I.A., Kromkamp, J. 1998
Light dependence of quantum yields for PSII charge separation and oxygen evolution in eucaryotic algae
Limnology and Oceanography (journal) Vol. 43, Issue 2, p284-297
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Gons, H.J., Ebert, E., Kromkamp, J. 1998
Optical teledetection of the vertical attenuation coefficient for downward quantum irradiance of photosynthetically available radiation in turbid inland waters
Aquatic Ecology (journal) Vol. 31, p299-311
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Barranguet, C., Peene, J. 1998
Determination of microphytobenthos PSII quantum efficiency and photosynthetic activity by means of variable chlorophyll fluorescence
Marine Ecology-Progress Series (journal) Vol. 162, p45-55
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Duineveld, G.C.A., De Wilde, P.A.W.J., Berghuis, E.M., Kok, A., Tahey, T., Kromkamp, J. 1997
Benthic respiration and standing stock on two contrasting continental margins in the western Indian Ocean: the Yemen- Somali upwelling region and the margin off Kenya
Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography (journal) Vol. 44, Issue 6-7, p1293-1317
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Flameling, I.A., Kromkamp, J. 1997
Photoacclimation of Scenedesmus protuberans (Chlorophyceae) to fluctuating irradiances simulating vertical mixing
Journal of Plankton Research (journal) Vol. 19, Issue 8, p1011-1024
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Goosen, N.K., Van Rijswijk, P., De Bie, M., Peene, J., Kromkamp, J. 1997
Bacterioplankton abundance and production and nanozooplankton abundance in Kenyan coastal waters (Western Indian Ocean)
Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography (journal) Vol. 44, Issue 6-7, p1235-1250
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Goosen, N.K., vanRijswijk, P., Kromkamp, J., Peene, J. 1997
Regulation of annual variation in heterotrophic bacterial production in the Schelde estuary (SW Netherlands)
Aquatic Microbial Ecology (journal) Vol. 12, Issue 3, p223-232
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., De Bie, M., Goosen, N., Peene, J., Van Rijswijk, P., Sinke, J., Duineveld, G.C.A. 1997
Primary production by phytoplankton along the Kenyan coast during the SE monsoon and November intermonsoon 1992, and the occurrence of Trichodesmium
Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography (journal) Vol. 44, Issue 6-7, p1195-1212
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Heip, C.H.R., Goosen, N.K., Herman, P.M.J., Kromkamp, J., Middelburg, J.J., Soetaert, K. 1995
Production and consumption of biological particles in temperate tidal estuaries
Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review, Vol 33 (journal) Vol. 33, p1-149
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Peene, J. 1995
POSSIBILITY OF NET PHYTOPLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN THE TURBID SCHELDE ESTUARY (SW NETHERLANDS)
Marine Ecology-Progress Series (journal) Vol. 121, Issue 1-3, p249-259
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Peene, J. 1995
On the net growth of phytoplankton in two Dutch estuaries
Water Science and Technology (journal) Vol. 32, Issue 4, p55-58
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Peene, J., vanRijswijk, P., SANDEE, A., Goosen, N. 1995
NUTRIENTS, LIGHT AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION BY PHYTOPLANKTON AND MICROPHYTOBENTHOS IN THE EUTROPHIC, TURBID WESTERSCHELDE ESTUARY (THE NETHERLANDS)
Hydrobiologia (journal) Vol. 311, Issue 1-3, p9-19
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Flameling, I.A., Kromkamp, J. 1994
RESPONSES OF RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF SCENEDESMUS PROTUBERANS FRITSCH TO GRADUAL AND STEEP SALINITY INCREASES
Journal of Plankton Research (journal) Vol. 16, Issue 12, p1781-1791
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Soetaert, K., Herman, P.M.J., Kromkamp, J. 1994
LIVING IN THE TWILIGHT - ESTIMATING NET PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH IN THE WESTERSCHELDE ESTUARY (THE NETHERLANDS) BY MEANS OF AN ECOSYSTEM MODEL (MOSES)
Journal of Plankton Research (journal) Vol. 16, Issue 10, p1277-1301
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
WETSTEYN, L.P.M.J., Kromkamp, J.C. 1994
TURBIDITY, NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOPLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN THE OOSTERSCHELDE (THE NETHERLANDS) BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER A LARGE-SCALE COASTAL ENGINEERING PROJECT (1980-1990)
Hydrobiologia (journal) Vol. 283, p61-78
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., LIMBEEK, M. 1993
EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM VARIATION IN IRRADIANCE ON LIGHT- HARVESTING AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF THE MARINE DIATOM SKELETONEMA- COSTATUM - A LABORATORY STUDY SIMULATING VERTICAL MIXING
Journal of General Microbiology (journal) Vol. 139, p2277-2284
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Smith, G., Thomson, A., Möller, I., Kromkamp, J. 2002
Potential of hyperspectral imaging to assess the stability of mudflat surfaces by mapping sediment characteristics
SPIE, 9th International Symposium on Remote Sensing, SPIE, Crete, September 22-27. CDROM (series) Issue 9th International Symposium on Remote Sensing, SPIE, Crete, September 22-27. CDROM, p
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Peene, J., vanRijswijk, P., SANDEE, A., Goosen, N. 1995
Nutrients, llight and primary production by phytoplankton and microphytobenthos in the eutrophic turbid,Westerschelde estuary (The Netherlands)
Hydrobiologia (journal) Vol. 311, Issue 1-3, p9-19
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Flameling, I.A., Kromkamp, J. 1994
Responses of respiration and photosynthesis of S cenedesmus protuberans Fritsch to gradual and steep salinity increases
Journal of Plankton Research (journal) Vol. 16, Issue 12, p1781-1791
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Limbeek, M. 1993
Effect of short-term variation in irradiance on light-harvesting and photosynthesis of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum : a laboratory study simulating vertical mixing.
Journal of General Microbiology (journal) Vol. 139, p2277-2284
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
RIJKEBOER, M., GONS, H.J., Kromkamp, J. 1993
PRESERVATION OF THE LIGHT-FIELD IN TURBID LAKE AND RIVER WATER IN LABORATORY-SCALE ENCLOSURE
Journal of Plankton Research (journal) Vol. 15, Issue 5, p517-530
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
VANSPAENDONK, J.C.M., Kromkamp, J.C., DEVISSCHER, P.R.M. 1993
PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN A TURBID COASTAL-PLAIN ESTUARY, THE WESTERSCHELDE (THE NETHERLANDS)
Netherlands Journal of Sea Research (journal) Vol. 31, Issue 3, p267-279
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
GONS, H.J., Kromkamp, J., RIJKEBOER, M., SCHOFIELD, O. 1992
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LIGHT-FIELD IN LABORATORY SCALE ENCLOSURES OF EUTROPHIC LAKE WATER (LAKE LOOSDRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS)
Hydrobiologia (journal) Vol. 238, p99-109
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Schanz, F., RIJKEBOER, M., BERDALET, E., KIM, B., GONS, H.J. 1992
INFLUENCE OF THE MIXING REGIME ON ALGAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCE IN LABORATORY SCALE ENCLOSURES
Hydrobiologia (journal) Vol. 238, p111-118
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Walsby, A.E. 1990
A COMPUTER-MODEL OF BUOYANCY AND VERTICAL MIGRATION IN CYANOBACTERIA
Journal of Plankton Research (journal) Vol. 12, Issue 1, p161-183
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., VANDENHEUVEL, A., MUR, L.R. 1989
FORMATION OF GAS VESICLES IN PHOSPHORUS-LIMITED CULTURES OF MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA
Journal of General Microbiology (journal) Vol. 135, p1933-1939
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., VANDENHEUVEL, A., MUR, L.R. 1989
PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY PHOSPHATE-LIMITED CULTURES OF THE CYANOBACTERIUM MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA
British Phycological Journal (journal) Vol. 24, Issue 4, p347-355
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., BOTTERWEG, J., MUR, L.R. 1988
Buoyancy regulation in Microcystis aeruginosa grown at different temperatures.
Fems Microbiology Ecology (journal) Vol. 53, Issue 3-4, p231-237
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., KONOPKA, A., MUR, L.R. 1988
BUOYANCY REGULATION IN LIGHT-LIMITED CONTINUOUS CULTURES OF MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA
Journal of Plankton Research (journal) Vol. 10, Issue 2, p171-183
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Konopka, A., Kromkamp, J., Mur, L.R. 1987
Regulation of gas vescicle content and buoyancy in light- or phosphate-limited cultures of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanophyceae).
Journal of Phycology (journal) Vol. 23, p70-78
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Konopka, A., Kromkamp, J.C., MUR, L.R. 1987
Buoyancy regulation in phosphate-limited cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa.
Fems Microbiology Ecology (journal) Vol. 45, p135-142
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J. 1987
FORMATION AND FUNCTIONAL-SIGNIFICANCE OF STORAGE PRODUCTS IN CYANOBACTERIA
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research (journal) Vol. 21, Issue 3, p457-465
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
OLIVER, R.L., Kromkamp, J.C. 1987
THE CARBOHYDRATE-TO-PROTEIN RATIO AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF WATER-MOVEMENT
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research (journal) Vol. 21, Issue 3, p529-530
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Walsby, A.E., REYNOLDS, C.S., OLIVER, R.L., Kromkamp, J., GIBBS, M.M. 1987
THE ROLE OF BUOYANCY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANABAENA SP IN LAKE ROTONGAIO
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research (journal) Vol. 21, Issue 3, p525-526
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J., Konopka, A. 1986
Buoyancy regulation in cyanobacteria
Proc. IV ISME (book) p588-593
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., KONOPKA, A., MUR, L.R. 1986
Buoyancy regulation in a strain of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanophyceae): the importance of carbohydrate accumulation and gas vescicle collapse.
Journal of General Microbiology (journal) Vol. 132, p2113-2121
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Gons, H.J., Kromkamp, J.C. 1984
Dynamics of structural characteristics of epipelon in Lake Vechten and Lake Maarsseveen I (The Netherlands).
Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie (journal) Vol. 22, p897-903
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., Gons, H.J. 1984
Seston-epipelon interrelationships in the shallow eutrophic Loosdrecht Lakes (The Netherlands)
Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie (journal) Vol. 22, p853-857
Reprint or PDF can be requested at library@nioo.knaw.nl
Kromkamp, J.C., MUR, L.R. 1984
Buoyant density changes in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa due to changes in cellular carbohydrate content.
FEMS Microbiology Letters (journal) Vol. 25, p105-109
Links
RIBS
http://www.home.duq.edu/~stolz/RIBS
Research Initiative on Bahamian Stromatolites
HIMOM
http://www.brockmann-consult.de/himom
Hierarchical Monitoring Methods for Tidal Flats
Downloads
Instruction video: how to contact core the sediment
http://www.nioo.knaw.nl/sites/default/files/contact%20coring.zip (12.2 MB)
This little video (use the realplayer) shows you how you can sample the top 2 mm of the sediment using the contact core method. The advantage of this method is that it samples a shallow, defined depth, making it possible to calibrate the measurements to hyperspectral reflectance, fluorescence or optical remote sensing. Because the sediments are "flash frozen", proxies for the physiological conditions, determined in part by the xanthophyll cycle pigments, remain intact. More information can also be obtained on the project site of the EU-program HIMOM or by mailing me with a request for the project CD.
Instruction video: making hyperspectral surface reflectance measurements
http://www.nioo.knaw.nl/sites/default/files/reflectance2.zip (13.3 MB)
This videoclip (use realplayer) demonstrates how one can make and use hyperspectral surface reflectance measurements of (intertidal) sediments. From the reflectance spectra the normalised difference vegetation index NDVI can be obtained, a simple 2-waveband algorithm that is very useful to quantify the surface chlorophyll a concentration (mg m-2). But the full specta can also serve as "default' spectra when typical sediments or algal assemblages are measured and these default spectra can than be used to deconvolute optical remote sensing images using classification techniques or spectral unmixing techniques. More information can be found on the EU-project website HIMOM. Alternatively, one can ask me via mail to send the HIMOM project CD-ROM which also contains a wealth of information.
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